FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

How Supradyn 50+ works: Basic roles of vitamins & minerals in middle and old age

Thanks to better healthcare and hygiene along with healthier lifestyles and health awareness, life expectancy is steadily increasing.

It is estimated that by 2050 life expectancy in developed countries will have reached 83 years. However, with an increase in longevity comes a higher risk of disabilities, diseases, and dementia among the elderly. Becoming older is associated with changes in physical condition, physiology, metabolism, and brain function. Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies include neurological disturbances, difficulties in concentration, confusion, dizziness, decrease in short-term memory, lack of vitality, fatigue, impaired immunity, reduced physical fitness, visual difficulties, and more. That is why vitamin and mineral supplementation is especially important for older adults. Supradyn vital 50+ is tailored to the needs of people over fifty. Its combination of micronutrients can positively affect age-associated changes in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic systems. Multivitamin supplementation with Supradyn also supports cognitive performance and can protect against increased oxidative stress associated with aging. On top of that, Supradyn vital 50+ contains olive polyphenols, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that counteract environmental stress and protect blood lipids from oxidative damage, as well as ginseng, that has been shown to enhance vitality and mental performance.1,2,3

REFERENCES

  1. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations. World population prospects: key findings and advance tables. 2017 revision. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/wpp2017_keyfindings.pdf2.
  2. Brown GC. Living too long: the current focus of medical research on increasing the quantity, rather than the quality, of life is damaging our health and harming the economy. EMBO Rep 2015;16:137-41.3.
  3. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, and HelpAge International, London. Ageing in the twenty-first century: a celebration and a challenge. 2012. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Ageing%20report.pdf

The constituents of Supradyn 50+ and their roles

Vitamin B icon

Group B vitamins

B vitamins play key roles in the cellular physiological functioning, which can broadly be subdivided into:

  • Catabolic metabolism, leading to the generation of energy within the cell
  • Anabolic metabolism, leading to the construction and transformation of bioactive molecules

Notably, all B vitamins are also essential for every aspect of brain function and are closely associated with cognitive performance1,2

Vitamin B1 icon

Cofactor for enzymes converting carbohydrates to energy (ATP). The active form, thiamine-diphosphate, is an essential cofactor of numerous mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes.1,3

Vitamin B3 icon

At least 200 enzymes are dependent on the coenzyme form of vitamin B3, most of them involved in catabolic reactions. B3 is also involved in the conversion of vitamins B2 and B6 into their active forms2

Vitamin B2 icon

Provides coenzyme for ≥200 enzymes2

It's essential for the energy production via its involvement in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Riboflavin is required for the conversion of vitamins B6 and B9 into their coenzyme forms and the transformation of tryptophan to niacin.1,3

Contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress1

Vitamin B5 icon

Precursor of the coenzyme A, that is the main substrate in the citric acid cycle1

  • Most B vitamins participate in the interlinked folate and methionine cycles involved in the breakdown and recycling of homocysteine, with several B vitamins crucial in this process (vit. B6, B9, and B12)1
  • Elevated levels of homocysteine, or hyperhomocysteinemia, have been linked to a range of pathologies including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases1

REFERENCES

  1. Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients 2016;8(2):682.
  2. Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The influence of micronutrients on cognitive function and performance. J Int Med Res 2007;35(1):1-19.3.
  3. Janssen JJE, et al. Mito-nuclear communication by mitochondrial metabolites and its regulation by B-vitamins. Front Physiol 2019;10:78.
Vitamin B6 icon

Involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism

Vitamin B7-8 icon

Key role in glucose metabolism and haemostasis through regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis

Vitamin B9-11 icon

C1 unit carrier used for the synthesis of components (purines and thymidylate) required for ATP formation

Vitamin B12 icon

Closely linked to vit. B9 in its complementary role in the folate and methionine cycle

REFERENCES

  1. Maroto-Sánchez B, Lopez-Torres O, Palacios G, et al. What do we know about homocysteine and exercise? A review from the literature. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54(10):1561-1577.
  2. Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The role of vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism and well-being. J Int Med Res. 2007;35(3):277-289.
  3. Haskell CF, Robertson B, Jones E, et al. Effects of a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended multitasking. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(6):448-461.

Role of vitamins B, C, D and E in health maintenance

Vitamin B1

normal functioning of brain, skeletal and cardiac musculature1,2

Vitamin B2

antioxidant for proper function of immune system3

Vitamin B5

involved in antibody synthesis, maintenance and repair of all cells and tissues (high concentrations found in the brain, liver, kidney and heart), contributes to the structure and function of the brain (synthesis of amino acids, phospholipids, and fatty acids)1,4

Vitamin B6

plays a role in immune function and RBC metabolism2

Vitamin C1,5-13

Increases non-heme iron absorption

Involved in psychological function

Involved in protection of cell constituents from oxidative damage

A potent antioxidant that regenerates vit. E from its oxidized byproduct

Vitamin D313,14

Involved in maintenance of normal muscle function

Essential for bone formation and resorption by maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis through regulation of intestinal absorption

Vitamin E13,15

An antioxidant

Important for maintaining normal activity of immune and inflammatory cells

Enhances vasodilation

Required in the formation and normal function of red blood cells and muscle cells

REFERENCES

  1. Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The influence of micronutrients on cognitive function and performance. J Int Med Res 2007;35(1):1-19.
  2. Driskell JA, Wolinksy I. Vitamins. In: Sports Nutrition. CRC Press. 1999.
  3. Bhusal A, Banks SW. Riboflavin deficiency. StatPearls Publishing LCC. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470460/
  4. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy--a review. Nutrients 2016;8(2):68.
  5. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, panthotenic acid, biotin and choline. A report of the Panel on Micronutrients, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy Press. 1998.
  6. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids. National Academy Press. 2000.
  7. Baessler KH, Golly I, Loew D, Pietrzik K. Vitamin-lexikon fuer aerzte, apotheker und ernaehrungswissenschaftler. 3rd ed. Muenchen-Jena: Urban & Fischer Verlag. 2002.
  8. Driskell JA. Vitamins. In: Sports Nutrition. CRC Press. 1999.
  9. Depeint F, Bruce WR, Shangari N, Mehta R, O'Brien PJ. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2006;163(1-2):94-112.
  10. Lukaski HC. Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition 2004;20(7-8):632-44.
  11. Marcus R, Coulston AM. Water-soluble vitamins. In: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1996.
  12. Depeint F, Bruce WR, Shangari N, Mehta R, O'Brien PJ. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of B vitamins on the one-carbon transfer pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2006;163(1-2):113-32.
  13. European Food Safety Authority. EU register of nutrition and health claims made on foods. http://ec.europa.eu/nuhclaims/
  14. Anonymous. Primary vitamin D deficiency in adults. Drug Ther Bull 2006;44(4):25-9.
  15. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids. National Academy Press. 2000.

MINERALS 1-14

Becoming older is associated with changes in physical condition, physiology, metabolism, and brain function, this is where the minerals in Supradyn 50+ play a role

Iodine icon

Iodine5

An essential component of thyroid hormones:
modulates oxidative phosphorylation
regulates skeletal and vascular smooth muscle action

Iron icon

Iron5

A functional component of iron-containing
proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, and
cytochromes

Zinc icon

Zinc5

Essential cofactor of enzymes involved in food
digestion and absorption

Supports maintenance of taste bud growth and
promotes taste acuity

Maintains immune function

Calcium icon

Calcium1-3,6-11

Important for growth, maintenance and repair
of bone tissue

Copper icon

Copper4

Involved in energy production within oxidative
phosphorylation

Antioxidant

Selenium icon

Selenium5

Antioxidant

Maintains crescent structure of sperm
mitochondria

Manganese icon

Manganese5

Provides protection from the free radicals that
are a side product of oxidative phosphorylation

Magnesium icon

Magnesium5

Stabilises enzymes, including those involved in
many ATP-generating and ATP-consuming
reactions. Involved in muscle contraction and
relaxation, normal neurological function and
release of neurotransmitters

REFERENCES

  1. Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The role of vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism and well-being. J Int Med Res 2007;35(3):277-89.
  2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Acdemy Press. 1997.
  3. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. A report of the Panel on Micronutrients, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy Press. 2001.
  4. Papa S, et al. A cooperative model for protonmotive heme-copper oxidases. The role of heme a in the proton pump of cytochrome c oxidase. Biochimie 1998;80:821-36.
  5. Kohlmeier M. Chapter 11: Minerals and Trace Elements. In: Nutrient Metabolism. Elsevier. 2014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123877840/nutrient-metabolism#book-info

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are found in plant-based foods and beverages1

Polyphenols are an integral component of the Mediterranean diet, which has been linked to various health benefits2
Polyphenols have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties3

Flavonoids are the largest family of polyphenolic compounds; further subgroups include:1

Polyphenols have numerous biological effects that can be beneficial in chronic conditions that frequently occur in middle and old age:3,4

Number 1 icon

Neurodegenerative diseases

Polyphenols modulate and control oxidative stress and ROS production, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, reducing risk of stroke and multiple sclerosis4

Number 2 icon

Ageing

The combination of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polyphenolic compounds may have anti-ageing properties3

Number 3 icon

Cardiovascular disease

Polyphenols are potent inhibitors of LDL oxidation (key in development of atherosclerosis), have antioxidant, anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory functions, increase HDL, and improve endothelial function, and thus are protective against cardiovascular disease3,5

CVD, cardiaovascular disease; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ROS, reactive oxygen species

REFERENCES

  1. Chentli F, et al. Diabetes mellitus in elderly. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015;19:744-52.
  2. Mordarska K, Godziejewska-Zawada M. Diabetes in the elderly. Menopause Rev 2017;16:38-43.
  3. Valdes-Ramos R, et al. Vitamins and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2015;15:54-63.
  4. de Bock M, et al. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PLOS One 2013;8:e57622.
  5. Praveeena S, et al. Trace elements in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:1863-5.

Olive Polyphenols Extract

The EFSA recommend daily consumption of

5 mg olive oil polyphenols

(as hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives, e.g. oleuropein complex and tyrosol) to contribute to protection of blood LDL lipids from oxidative damage1

GMO free olive fruit
  • The olive polyphenols in Supradyn vital 50+ are extracted from the leaf and fruit of the European olive tree (Olea europaea L.)35
  • There are ≥36 structurally distinct phenolic compounds in olives6,7 of which the main compounds are tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol8,9
  • The phenolic compounds in olives have antioxidant properties that counteract environmental stresses such as UV radiation8.  The benefits of these phenolic compounds are not limited to the olives, but can be extended to humans ingesting them.
  • The olive polyphenols oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are of high purity. As such, 100 mg of olive fruit extract contains the hydroxytyrosol equivalent of 0.5 L olive oil2

ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity)

An International standard method of measuring the antioxidant capacity of a product2

Adapted from Hytolive brochure. Genosa ID, s.a. Spain.

REFERENCES

  1. Micronutrient requirements of children ages 4 to 13 years. Oregon State University. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/children. Accessed August 2018;
  2. Micronutrient requirements of adolescents ages 14 to 18 years. Oregon StateUniversity. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/adolescents. Accessed August 2018;
  3. KarpinskiM, et al. Roles of vitamins D and K, nutrition, and lifestyle in low-energy bone fractures in children and young adults. J Am CollNut r2017;36:399–412;
  4. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;
  5. SolimanAT, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents. Indian J EndocrinolMetab2014;18(Suppl1):S9–S16;
  6. Kruger HS. The necessity for a balanced diet in children: physical, mental and intellectual development. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING/Dairy/Documents/02__Kruger_pres.pdf. Accessed August 2018;
  7. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to normal bone and toothdevelopment pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal2014;12:3579;
  8. Vitamin D, in dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. A report of the panel on micronutrients, standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference intakes; food and nutrition board.Institute of Medicine2010, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. 75–456;
  9. DeLuca HF. The vitamin D story: a collaborative effort of basic science and clinical medicine. FasebJ 1988;2:224–36;
  10. Bonjour JP, et al. Peak bone mass. Ost eoporosInt1994;4(Suppl1):7–13;
  11. KapilU. Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency.Sult an QaboosUniversity Medical Journal2007;7:267–72;
  12. Zimmermann MB. The role of iodine in human growth and development. SeminCell Dev Biol2011;22:645–52;
  13. Singh M. Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development. Indian J Pediatr2004;71:59–62;
  14. Filer LJ Jr. Iron needs during rapid growth and mental development. J Pediatr 1990;117:S143–6;
  15. Strand TA, et al. Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and growth in 6-to 30-month-old children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics2015;135:4;
  16. Chu W. B vitamin deficiencies linked to poor infant development issues. Available from: https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2017/03/30/B-vitamin-deficiencies-linked-to-poor-infant-development-issues. Accessed August 2018.

Ginseng

"A prophylactic and restorative agent for enhancement of mental and physical capacities, in cases of weakness, exhaustion, tiredness, and loss of concentration, and during convalescence.”1 (WHO)

"Traditional herbal medicinal product for symptoms of asthenia such as fatigue and weakness“2 (HMPC)

  • The Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer) is one of the best known medicinal plants worldwide, and has traditionally been used to maintain homeostasis of the body and to enhance vital energy3
  • Ginsenosides are one of the bioactive components in Ginseng and can be classified in 2 groups:4,5
    Panaxadiol: Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2, and Rs1
    Panaxatriol: Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh1
  • Clinical data on Panax Ginseng show a positive effect on
    • neuroprotection4
    • mental & physical performance5
    • immune response6

EMA, European Medicines Agency; HMPC, Committee on Herbal Medicines Products; WHO, World Health Organization

Infographic showing bioactive components in ginseng

Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 have different pharmacological properties; Rg1 has a positive effect on gastrointestinal motility and innate immune response, while Rb1 has a stimulating effect (CNS – central nervous system – and antifatigue)3,6

REFERENCES

  1. Micronutrient requirements of children ages 4 to 13 years. Oregon State University. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/children. Accessed August 2018;
  2. Micronutrient requirements of adolescents ages 14 to 18 years. Oregon StateUniversity. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/adolescents. Accessed August 2018;
  3. KarpinskiM, et al. Roles of vitamins D and K, nutrition, and lifestyle in low-energy bone fractures in children and young adults. J Am CollNut r2017;36:399–412;
  4. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;
  5. SolimanAT, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents. Indian J EndocrinolMetab2014;18(Suppl1):S9–S16;
  6. Kruger HS. The necessity for a balanced diet in children: physical, mental and intellectual development. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING/Dairy/Documents/02__Kruger_pres.pdf. Accessed August 2018;
  7. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to normal bone and tooth development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal2014;12:3579;
  8. Vitamin D, in dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. A report of the panel on micronutrients, standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference intakes; food and nutrition board.Institute of Medicine2010, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. 75–456;
  9. DeLuca HF. The vitamin D story: a collaborative effort of basic science and clinical medicine. FasebJ 1988;2:224–36;
  10. Bonjour JP, et al. Peak bone mass. Ost eoporosInt1994;4(Suppl1):7–13;
  11. KapilU. Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency.Sult an QaboosUniversity Medical Journal2007;7:267–72;
  12. Zimmermann MB. The role of iodine in human growth and development. SeminCell Dev Biol2011;22:645–52;
  13. Singh M. Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development. Indian J Pediatr2004;71:59–62;
  14. Filer LJ Jr. Iron needs during rapid growth and mental development. J Pediatr 1990;117:S143–6;
  15. Strand TA, et al. Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and growth in 6-to 30-month-old children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics2015;135:4;
  16. Chu W. B vitamin deficiencies linked to poor infant development issues. Available from: https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2017/03/30/B-vitamin-deficiencies-linked-to-poor-infant-development-issues. Accessed August 2018.

Inadequate intakes of micronutrients occur in middle and old age across the globe

Country

Description

Italy
  • Vit. D intake9
    • <50% of DRI in adults >65 years11
  • Calcium intake
    • Below DRI in adults >65 years11

Brazil
  • Micronutrients consumed at levels lower than the DRI in males and females >60 years: vit. A, B5, D, E, calcium, magnesium, manganese8

Western countries
  • Vit. D intake9
    • Women aged ≥65 years: 23% of DRI*
    • Men aged ≥65 years: 27% of DRI*
  • Calcium intake9
    • Women aged ≥65 years: 66% of DRI*
    • Men aged ≥65 years: 72% of DRI*
  • Selenium intake9
    • Women aged ≥65 years: 78% of DRI*
    • Men aged ≥65 years: 96% of DRI*

Europe
  • Prevalence of inadequate vit. D intake12
    • Women aged >64 years: 40-100%
    • Men aged >64 years: 33-100%
  • Prevalence of inadequate calcium intake12
    • Women aged >64 years: 60-100%
    • Men aged >64 years: 48-100%
  • Prevalence of inadequate folic acid intake12
    • Women aged >64 years: 18-46%
    • Men aged >64 years: 17-34%

Spain
  • Vit. D intake
    • Women aged >60 years: 3.5% of DRI*10
    • Men aged >60 years: 4% of DRI*3
    • Less than half the DRI in adults aged 45-64 years11
  • Calcium intake
    • Below DRI in adults aged 45-64 years
  • Iodine intake11
    • Below DRI in adults aged 45-64 years

*DRI – daily recommended intake

Turkey
  • Vit. D intake9
    • <50% of DRI in adults >51 years11
  • Calcium intake9
    • Below DRI in adults >51 years11
  • Iodine intake
    • <50% of DRI in adults >50 years11
  • Iron intake
    • Below DRI in women >75 years11

REFERENCES

  1. Micronutrient requirements of children ages 4 to 13 years. Oregon State University. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/children. Accessed August 2018;
  2. Micronutrient requirements of adolescents ages 14 to 18 years. Oregon State University. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/life-stages/adolescents. Accessed August 2018;
  3. KarpinskiM, et al. Roles of vitamins D and K, nutrition, and lifestyle in low-energy bone fractures in children and young adults. J Am CollNut r2017;36:399–412;
  4. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;
  5. SolimanAT, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents. Indian J EndocrinolMetab2014;18(Suppl1):S9–S16;
  6. Kruger HS. The necessity for a balanced diet in children: physical, mental and intellectual development. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING/Dairy/Documents/02__Kruger_pres.pdf. Accessed August 2018;
  7. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to normal bone and tooth development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal2014;12:3579;
  8. Vitamin D, in dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. A report of the panel on micronutrients, standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference intakes; food and nutrition board.Institute of Medicine2010, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. 75–456;
  9. DeLuca HF. The vitamin D story: a collaborative effort of basic science and clinical medicine. FasebJ 1988;2:224–36;
  10. Bonjour JP, et al. Peak bone mass. Ost eoporosInt1994;4(Suppl1):7–13;
  11. KapilU. Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency.Sult an QaboosUniversity Medical Journal2007;7:267–72;
  12. Zimmermann MB. The role of iodine in human growth and development. SeminCell Dev Biol2011;22:645–52;

For Healthcare Professionals

Learn how vitamins and minerals can help recover human’s body and what is the role of micronutrients in organism.

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